Tài liệu tổng hợp một số kinh nghiệm sử dụng máy ảnh Nikon của các nhiếp ảnh gia

Tài liệu thảo luận về ánh sáng trong bộ môn nhiếp ảnh

Tài liệu hướng dẫn một số kỹ thuật, kinh nghiệm chụp ảnh phong cảnh

ĐẠI HỌC THÁI NGUYÊN KHOA CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN GIÁO TRÌNH MÔN HỌC

giáo trình Kĩ thuật đồ họa và những kiến thức cơ bản khi học đồ họa

Sách tham khảo : • AutoCAD 2004 Bible – Wileys & Sons • Mastering in AutoCAD 2000 – George Omura • AutoCAD 2004 For Dummies – John Wiley & Sons • AutoCAD 2000 (1,2) – KTS.Lưu Triều Nguyên. • AutoCAD 2004 (1,2) cơ bản và nâng cao – TS.Nguyễn Hữu Lộc. • Các tiện ích thiết kế trên AutoCAD – TS.Nguyễn Hữu Lộc. – Nguyễn Thanh Trung. • AutoCAD 2004 (1,2) cơ bản và nâng cao – TS.Nguyễn Hữu Lộc. • AutoCAD 2004 Activex and VBA – KS.Hoàng Thành An.

To install the items from the CD to your hard drive, follow these steps: 1. Insert the CD into your CD-ROM drive. 2. Double-click the icon for the CD after it appears on the desktop. 3. Open the program’s folder on the CD and double-click the Install or Installer icon. Note: To install some programs, just drag the program’s folder from the CD window and drop it on your hard drive icon. What’s on the CD The following sections provide a summary of the software and other materials you’ll find on the CD. Author-created materials

IN THIS CHAPTER ◆ Installing a testing Web server on your computer ◆ Defining tracking information within Learning Site ◆ Creating a database to store information about students and activities ◆ Enabling CourseBuilder interactions to track student performance ◆ Using the Record Administrator to manage students and activities in Learning Site ◆ Testing and uploading your site ◆ Exploring the Microsoft Access database that Learning Site creates LEARNING SITE ships with Learning Management System (LMS) functionality contained

For many Photoshop users, 3D will be a brave new world to explore. For those of you who have been straddling the world of 3D applications and digital imaging, Photoshop CS5 off ers some solutions that will save hours of work. In this lesson, you are introduced to the basics of working with the new and improved 3D Features. Starting up Before starting, make sure that your tools and panels are consistent by resetting your preferences. See “Resetting Adobe Photoshop CS5 preferences” on page 3. If you want to complete the video portion of this lesson make sure that you have QuickTime Player installed. You can

The process of making an image look as good as possible at the smallest fi le size is called optimizing. This is important for all images that are to be used on the Web, as most viewers don’t want to wait long for information to appear. In this part of the lesson, you’ll use the Save For Web & Devices feature to optimize your navigational banner. 1 With the ps1201_work.psd fi le still open, choose File > Save For Web & Devices. The Save For Web & Devices dialog box appears 2 Select the 2-up tab to view your original image on the top and your optimized image on the bottom. Note that the window may display the original on the left side and the optimized image on the right.

Using the Clouds fi lter In this lesson, you will use the Clouds fi lter to build a smoke-like background. The Clouds fi lter generates a cloud pattern, using random values from the selected foreground and background colors. 1 Choose File > Browse in Bridge, or select the Launch Bridge ( ) or the Mini Bridge button ( ) in the Application bar, to open Adobe Bridge. Navigate to the ps11lessons folder and open the fi le ps1101.psd. 2 Choose File > Save As. In the Save As dialog box, navigate to the ps11lessons folder and type ps1101_work in the File name text fi eld. Choose Photoshop from the format drop-down menu and click Save.

Once you add a Smart Filter, you can go back and modify the eff ect, even if you’ve added a mask, as in this case. 1 In the Butterfl y 4 layer, double-click on the Motion Blur eff ect; the Motion Blur dialog box appears. You may have to click and drag down and to the left inside the fi lter preview window to see the image. Change the angle to 87 degrees by clicking and dragging the dial to the right. Press OK when you are done. Changing the angle of the motion blur now requires you to go back with the paintbrush and modify the mask. 2 Click on the layer mask thumbnail to the left of Smart Filters to activate it. Then begin to paint from the top down, leaving just a blur at the bottom of the butterfl y. If you mask

Creating a composition using Smart Objects 1 Choose File > Browse in Bridge to open Adobe Bridge, or select the Launch Bridge ( ) or Mini Bridge button ( ) in the Application bar. Navigate to the ps10lessons folder, then double-click on the image named ps1001.psd to open it in Photoshop. Alternatively, you can choose to right-click (Windows) or Ctrl+click (Mac OS) and select Open with Photoshop CS5. 2 Choose File > Save As; the Save As dialog box appears. Navigate to the ps10lessons folder. In the Name text fi eld, type ps1001_work, leave the format as Photoshop (PSD), and select Save. Keep the image open for the next section. 3 Open ps1001_done.psd to view the compilation you will create. You can keep this fi le

Now you will apply a combination of layer eff ects to the text layer you just created. 1 Click on the text layer name CITY LIGHTS, which is to the right of the Text layer indicator in the Layers panel, to make sure the layer is active. 2 Click on the Add a Layer Style button ( ) at the bottom of the Layers panel, and select Outer Glow from the pop-up menu. The Layer Style dialog box appears. The default settings may be too subtle, so you will make some changes. Select the Outer Glow style. There are many options available for each layer style. As a default, certain blending modes and opacities, as well as spread size and contours (edges), are already determined. In the next step, you will change the contour and the size of the outer glow.

Now you will have the opportunity to put your practice to work by creating a composition with images and type. 1 Choose File > Browse in Bridge to open Adobe Bridge, or select the Launch Bridge ( ) or Mini Bridge button ( ) in the upper-left corner of the Application bar. Navigate to the ps08lessons folder inside the pslessons folder on your computer. 2 Double-click on the fi le ps0801_done.psd to see the composition that you will create. You can keep this fi le open for reference, or choose File > Close. The completed lesson fi le. 3 Double-click on ps0801.psd to open it in Photoshop. An image of a blue sky with clouds appears.

One of the benefi ts of using layers is that you can hide the layers that contain pixel data on which you are not currently working. By hiding layers, you can focus on the image editing at hand, keeping distractions to a minimum. 1 With the mylayers.psd fi le still open, select the visibility icon ( ) to the left of the red square layer. The red square disappears. Turn the visibility of a layer off and on by selecting the visibility icon. 2 Click again on the spot where the visibility icon previously appeared. The red square layer is visible again. 3 This time, hold down the Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS) key, and click on the same

Now that you have adjusted the tonal values of your image, you’ll want to apply some sharpening to the image. In this section, you’ll discover how to use unsharp masking. It is a confusing term, but is derived from the traditional (pre-computer) technique used to sharpen images. To simplify this example, you’ll fl atten the adjustment layer into the Background layer. If you are an advanced user, you can avoid fl attening by selecting the Background layer, Shift+clicking on the Curves 1 layer, then right-clicking (Windows) or Ctrl+clicking (Mac OS) and choosing Convert to Smart Object. This embeds the selected layers into your Photoshop fi le, but allows you to view and work with them as one layer. If further editing is needed, you can simply double-click on the Smart Object layer, and the layers open in their own

In many cases, you need to lighten the midtones (middle values of an image) in order to make details more apparent in an image. 1 Select the center (midtone area) of the black curve and drag downwards (don’t worry about the colored curves, as Photoshop is making an overall change in this window). Move the curve downwards slightly to lighten the image in the midtones. This is the only visual correction that you will make to this image. You want to be careful that you do not adjust too much, as you can lose valuable information. Add a little contrast to your image by clicking on the three-quarter tone area of the black curve line (the area between the middle of the curve and the top, as shown in the fi gure), then clicking and dragging up slightly. Again, this is a visual correction, so don’t

The Spot Healing Brush tool paints with sampled pixels from an image and matches the texture, lighting, transparency, and shading of the pixels that are sampled to the pixels being retouched, or healed. Note that unlike the Clone Stamp tool, the Spot Healing Brush automatically samples from around the retouched area. 1 With the ps0605_work.psd fi le still open, select View > Fit on Screen, or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+0 (zero) (Windows) or Command+0 (zero) (Mac OS). 2 Select the Zoom tool ( ), then click and drag the lower-right section of the image to zoom into the lower-right corner. Click and drag with the Zoom tool. Because you do not have to defi ne a source with the Spot Healing tool, it can be easier

One of the problems with old photographs is that they most likely contain a large number of defects. These defects can include watermarks, tears, fold marks, and so forth. There are many diff erent ways to fi x these defects; one of the most useful is the Clone Stamp tool. The Clone Stamp tool lets you replace pixels in one area of the image by sampling from another area. In this part of the lesson, you’ll use the Clone Stamp tool, and you will also have an opportunity to explore the new Clone Source panel. 1 Choose File > Browse or select the Launch Bridge button ( ) or Mini Bridge button ( ) in the Application bar to launch Adobe Bridge. Navigate to the ps06lessons folder and open image ps0605.psd. 2 Choose File > Save As; the Save As dialog box appears. Navigate to the ps06lessons folder

In the last exercise, you created a curved path. Now you’ll create a path with a combination of straight lines and curves. 1 Choose File > Browse in Bridge or select the Launch Bridge button ( ) or Mini Bridge button ( ) in the Options bar to launch Adobe Bridge. Then navigate to the ps05lessons folder and open image ps0509.psd. Choose File > Save As. When the Save As dialog box appears, navigate to the ps05lessons folder. In the Name text fi eld, type ps0509_work. Choose Photoshop PSD from the Format drop-down menu and press Save. If the Photoshop Format Options dialog box appears, press OK Choose View > Fit on Screen, or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+0 (zero) (Windows) or

There are many diff erent methods for moving a selection from one image to another. In this lesson, you will simply copy a selection and paste it into another image. 1 Choose Edit > Copy, or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C (Windows) or Command+C (Mac OS). 2 Choose File > Browse in Bridge, or press the Launch Bridge or Mini bridge button in the Options bar, and navigate to the ps05lessons folder. Double-click the fi le named ps0506.psd to open it in Photoshop. A photograph of penguins appears. 3 Choose File >Save As. In the Save As dialog box, navigate to the ps05lessons folder and type ps0506_work in the Name text fi eld. Leave the format set to Photoshop and click Save.

In this section, you will do the following: ã View the stacking order of the layers that were automatically created when you combined the images; ã Remove the background from the copied images; ã Refi ne the edges of the combined images; ã Name the layers to organize them. Changing the size of a placed image While you could have adjusted the image size prior to dragging and dropping it into the barn picture, you can also make adjustments to layers and the objects that reside on the layers. Here you will adjust the size and position of the placed images.

Layers are much like pieces of clear fi lm that you could place on a table. The layers themselves are clear, but anything placed on one of the layers will be positioned on top of the layers that are located beneath it. 1 Confi rm that the rooster layer remains selected. Click to select the Move tool ( ) from the Tools panel. 2 Position the Move tool over the rooster image in the document window, and drag the rooster so your cursor is positioned over the head of the cow. Notice that the rooster image is positioned under the cow. This is because the cow layer is on top of the rooster layer in the Layers panel. 3 In the Layers panel, click and hold the rooster layer. Drag the layer up so it is positioned

Searching for fi les using Adobe Bridge Find the fi les that you want quickly and easily by using the Search tools built directly into Adobe Bridge, and taking advantage of the Filter panel. In this example, you have a limited number of fi les to search within, but you will have the opportunity to see how helpful these search features can be. Searching by name or keyword What’s the benefi t of adding all this metadata if you can’t use it to fi nd your fi les later? Using the Find dialog box in Adobe Bridge, you can narrow your criteria down to make it easy to fi nd your fi les when needed. 1 Click on ps03lessons in the Path bar to return to the ps03lessons folder content.

What is Adobe Bridge? Adobe Bridge is an application included with Adobe Photoshop and the other Adobe Creative Suite 5 components. Adobe Bridge helps you locate, organize, and browse the documents you need to create print, web, video, and audio content. If you have Photoshop or any one of the Creative Suite applications, you can start Adobe Bridge using the File menu, or you can select the Launch Bridge button ( ). This lesson covers the functionality of the complete Bridge application, not the Mini Bridge that is available as a panel in your Photoshop workspace. You can use Bridge to access documents such as images, text fi les, and even non-Adobe documents, such as Microsoft Word or Excel fi les. Using Adobe Bridge, you can also organize

Click on the Design button on the right side of the Application bar. Notice that the panels are changed to expose panels that might help you if you are a designer. Instead of the Color panel, you see the Swatches panel, and Adjustments panel is exchanged with the Character panel. Of course, you can still customize and save your own your workspace. You will do this later in this exercise. To open panels that are not visible choose the Window menu. If there is a check mark to the left of the panel listed; it is already open. Photoshop CS5 is smart enough to know if a panel is hidden behind another and will not indicate that it is open, making it easy for you to select it in the Window menu and have it brought forward. 2 Select the Brush tool ( ) (the last paint tool that you used was the Color Replacement

About Photoshop Digital Classroom Adobe® Photoshop® CS5 is the industry’s leading digital image editing software. It is the perfect creative tool for designing and manipulating images for print layouts, web publishing, multimedia, video, photography, and for visually expressing your creative ideas. The Adobe Photoshop CS5 Digital Classroom helps you to understand the capabilities of Photoshop and get the most out of your software so you can get up-and-running right away. You can work through all the lessons in this book, or complete only specifi c lessons. Each lesson includes detailed, step-by-step instructions, along with lesson fi les, useful background information, and video tutorials. Adobe Photoshop CS5 Digital Classroom is like having your own expert instructor guiding you

Giới thiệu cho chúng ta biết một cách tổng quan về đồ họa và sinh viên sẽ đạt được cáu mục tiêu sau:- Hiểu các nguyên lý cơ bản của đồ học hiện đại.- Hiểu được kiến thức hình học dưới dạng 3 chiều.- Kỹ năng thực hành 3D- Có thể xây dựng một chương trình hiển thị một cảnh 3 chiều sd OPEN GL và C/C++- Áp dụng thực tế .

Chapter 1: Introduction .1 1.1 HTTP and the World Wide Web .2 1.2 Protocol Layers .3 1.3 Uniform Resource Identifiers .9 1.4 Organization of This Book 10 Chapter 2: HTTP Operation 13 2.1 Clients and Servers .13 2.1.1 Initiating Communication .14 2.1.2 Connections .15 2.1.3 Persistence .15

Cost–benefit ratios One undercurrent implicit throughout this whole part has been the relative costs of recreational drug use vs. their perceived benefits. Hence, we would like to introduce the hypothetical notion of a cost–benefit ratio. All recreational drugs have some positive effects – which is why they are taken. But every drug also displays detrimental effects – which is why their use is problematic. However, this cost–benefit ratio is never easy to calculate. It differs for each drug, varies between individuals and generally deteriorates with repeated drug usage. This latter factor can be illustrated with reference to MDMA, or Ecstasy: the first time MDMA is taken the cost–benefit ratio is extremely positive for most people. They describe a strong positive experience and the come-down effects

Pharmacotherapy The search for an effective drug treatment for AD is a major focus for research. Hundreds of potential new treatments are patented each year, but so far none has proved a clinically effective treatment. Progress has been delayed by several factors. Unfortunately, there is no good animal model of AD (McDonald and Overmier, 1998), although some drugs that slow age-related mnemonic decline in animals have been developed. The testing of putative therapeutic agents thus depends heavily on human drug trials; these are far more time-consuming and expensive and need to be designed with care and sophistication if they are going to detect potential benefits. There is also the crucial problem that AD brains are no longer capable of responding to pharmacotherapy.

Structural neuroimaging, or ‘‘brain scanning’’, techniques were first applied to schizophrenia in 1976 (Johnstone et al., 1976). Using computed tomography (CT) or computerised axial tomography (CAT) scans, in which the scattering of X-rays is proportional to brain tissue density, it was shown that in schizophrenia there was a small but statistically significant increase in ventricular brain ratio; this is due to an increase in the volume of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled lateral ventricles and a decrease in cerebral cortical tissue. This initial finding has been confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which detects a radiofrequency (MHz) signal emitted by atomic nuclei with an odd mass number when placed in a strong magnetic field. The signals emitted from protons (as in 1H2O) in different physicochemical environments enable MRI to distinguish

Despite the well-documented impairing effects of alcohol on cognitive function, intriguingly there is one important exception. Low levels of alcohol can actually improve function on memory tasks: that is, a low dose of alcohol (around 0.5–1 ml per kg producing rising BACs of between 20 and 30 mg/100 ml) administered immediately following exposure to target material appears to improve subsequent recall of that material. The reasons for this are unclear, but may involve protection from interference by material competing for memory resources or the stimulating effects that help the material to be coded better (Scholey and Fowles, 2002). It may be relevant that, during the early rising phase of the blood alcohol curve, alcohol produces typical stimulant effects (including heart rate acceleration).