mahk
18-05-2011, 12:28
This is the first comprehensive textbook on prejudice with a strong psychological research base. Whitley and Kite cover a broad range of topics--from race and ethnicity to gender, sexual orientation, and ageism. By integrating theory and research with students' own experiences, the authors increase students' awareness of influences that shape prejudices. As students evaluate research results and their personal, subjective beliefs, they develop an appreciation of scientific evidence regarding stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
PREFACE xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi i i
Chapter 1 Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and
Discrimination 1
Race and Culture 2
Historical Views of Ethnic Groups 3
Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity 4
Group Privilege 6
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 8
Stereotypes 9
Prejudice 11
Discrimination 12
The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 19
Targets of Prejudice 19
Racism 20
Religion 22
Classism 23
Gender and Sexual Orientation 24
Age, Ability, and Appearance 25
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination 26
Scientific Racism 26
Psychodynamic Theory 27
Sociocultural Theory 28
Intergroup Relations Theory 29
Cognitive Theory 30
Evolutionary Theory 31
Where Do We Go from Here? 33
Summary 35
Suggested Readings 36
Key Terms 37
Questions for Review and Discussion 37
Chapter 2 How Psychologists Study Prejudice and
Discrimination 39
The Research Process 40
Theories and Hypotheses 41
Hypotheses and Predictions 43
Data Collection 44
Drawing Conclusions 44
Verifying Results 45
Theory and Application 46
Research Strategies 46
Correlational Studies 47
Experiments 50
Ethnographic Studies 55
Content Analysis 56
Using Multiple Research Strategies 57
Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 58
Reliability and Validity 58
Self-Report Measures 60
Unobtrusive Measures 63
Physiological Measures 64
Implicit Cognition Measures 66
Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures 68
Using Multiple Measures 69
Summary 71
Suggested Readings 73
Key Terms 75
Questions for Review and Discussion 75
Chapter 3 Social Categorization and Stereotypes 77
Social Categorization 78
Why We Categorize 79
Types of Categorization 81
Ingroups and Outgroups 83
Origins of Stereotypes 84
The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect 84
Social Role Theory 89
Illusory Correlations 90
Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs 91
Sources of Stereotypic Beliefs 92
Interpersonal Communication and Social Inference 96
Stereotype Accuracy 98
Defining Accuracy 99
The Risks of Assuming Accuracy 100
Shifting Standards 101
Functions of Stereotypes 103
Cognitive Function 103
Ego-Defensive Function 103
Social Adjustment Function 104
Stereotype Maintenance 105
Perception and Recall of Social Information 105
Linguistic Biases 108
Self-fulfilling Prophecies 110
Stereotype Change 113
Changing Stereotypic Beliefs 115
Summary 116
Suggested Readings 117
Key Terms 119
Questions for Review and Discussion 119
Chapter 4 Stereotype Activation and Application 121
Categorization 123
Prototypicality 124
Situational Influences 124
Prejudice 125
Stereotype Activation 127
Automatic Activation 128
Motivated Activation 134
The Activated Stereotype 137
Stereotype Application 138
Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping 140
Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping 146
Consequences of Stereotype Use 150
Biased Interpretation of Behavior 150
Biased Evaluation 153
Summary 156
Suggested Readings 157
Key Terms 158
Questions for Review and Discussion 158
Chapter 5 Emotions and Motivation 161
Emotions and Stereotyping 162
Emotions and Prejudice 165
Intergroup Emotions 166
Intergroup Anxiety 174
Empathy 176
Motivation to Control Prejudice 178
Types of Motivation 178
Social Norms 181
The Development of Motivation to Control Prejudice 182
Summary 184
Suggested Readings 186
Key Terms 188
Questions for Review and Discussion 188
Chapter 6 Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of
Prejudice 189
The Transformation of Prejudice 192
Prejudice Continues . 192
. But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced . 194
. So “They” Should Stop Complaining 195
Theories of Contemporary Prejudice 196
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 197
Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 199
Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 200
Historical Roots of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 203
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior 203
Concluding Comments 204
Aversive Prejudice 205
Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice 205
Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice 207
Research on Aversive Prejudice 208
Aversive Prejudice and Behavior 208
Ambivalent Prejudice 214
Ambivalent Attitudes 215
Psychological Conflict 217
Response Amplification 218
Putting the Theories Together 220
Benevolent Prejudice 223
Summary 227
Suggested Readings 228
Key Terms 229
Questions for Review and Discussion 229
Chapter 7 Individual Differences and Prejudice 232
Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation 233
Authoritarianism 234
Social Dominance Orientation 238
Self-Esteem 242
Self-Enhancement 243
Self-Protection 244
Personal Values 246
Value Orientations 246
Perceived Value Differences 249
Social Ideologies 256
Religion 256
Political Orientation 263
Summary 268
Suggested Readings 271
Key Terms 274
Questions for Review and Discussion 274
Chapter 8 The Development of Prejudice in Children 277
Awareness of Social Categories 279
Implicit Awareness of Social Categories 280
Explicit Awareness of Social Categories 282
The Development of Prejudice 284
The Development of Racial Prejudice 285
The Development of Gender-Based Prejudice 293
Theories of Prejudice Development 298
Social Learning Theory 299
Inner State Theories 302
Cognitive Developmental Theories 305
Developmental Intergroup Theory 307
So Where Does Prejudice Come From? 311
Reducing Children’s Prejudice 311
School Desegregation 311
Cooperative Learning 315
Multicultural and Anti-Bias Education 316
Summary 318
Suggested Readings 320
Key Terms 321
Questions for Review and Discussion 321
Chapter 9 The Social Context of Prejudice 324
Realistic Conflict Theory 325
The Work of Muzafer Sherif 326
John Duckitt’s Extension of Realistic Conflict Theory 327
Social Identity Theory 330
Social Identity and Intergroup Bias 330
Factors that Influence Social Identity 332
Issues in Social Identity Theory 337
Looking Back at Social Identity Theory 340
Relative Deprivation Theory 341
Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment 342
Relative Deprivation and Prejudice 344
Relative Gratification 346
Scapegoating 346
Integrated Threat Theory 349
Hate Group Membership 351
Why People Join Hate Groups 352
Recruiting Hate Group Members 358
Group Socialization 359
Leaving the Group 361
Summary 363
Suggested Readings 365
Key Terms 366
Questions for Review and Discussion 367
Chapter 10 From Prejudice to Discrimination 369
What Is Discrimination? 370
Forms of Discrimination 371
Interpersonal Discrimination 375
The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination 375
Regressive Prejudice 378
Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner 383
Discrimination in Organizations 385
Organizational Research 385
Individuals in Organizations 393
Hate Crimes 402
Hate Crime Offenders 404
Motivations for Hate Crimes 405
Effects on Victims 410
Summary 412
Suggested Readings 414
Key Terms 416
Questions for Review and Discussion 416
Chapter 11 The Experience of Discrimination 418
Social Stigma 419
What Defines a Stigmatized Group? 420
Stigma by Association 423
Tokenism 424
Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination 428
Attributional Ambiguity 428
Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy 431
Consequences of Prejudice to the Target 436
Stereotype Threat 436
Vulnerability to Stress 442
Threats to Self-Esteem 446
Coping with Discrimination 449
Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification 450
Behavioral Compensation 451
Summary 453
Suggested Readings 454
Key Terms 457
Questions for Review and Discussion 457
Chapter 12 Gender and Sexual Orientation 459
Gender-Based Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 460
Gender Stereotypes 461
Attitudes Toward Women and Men 466
Subtypes of Women and Men 469
Women in the Workplace 473
The Male Gender Role 478
Heterosexism and Sexual Prejudice 479
Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay Men 480
Attitudes Toward Sexual Minorities 482
Coming Out 487
Heterosexism in the Workplace 489
Summary 491
Suggested Readings 493
Key Terms 494
Questions for Review and Discussion 495
Chapter 13 Age, Ability, and Appearance 497
Ageism 498
When Does Old Age Begin? 499
Beliefs about Older Adults 501
Age-Based Discrimination 509
Ability 514
Who is Disabled? 514
The Stigma of Disability 515
Physical Disabilities 517
Communication between PWDs and the Nondisabled 519
Mental Illness 521
Appearance 525
Physical Attractiveness 526
Height 527
Obesity 528
Summary 534
Suggested Readings 536
Key Terms 537
Questions for Review and Discussion 537
Chapter 14 Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination 540
Individual Level Processes 541
Stereotype Suppression 542
Self-Regulation 546
Intergroup Contact 551
Conditions for Success 552
Effectiveness of Intergroup Contact 556
Models of the Contact Process 560
Workplace Interventions 569
Affirmative Action 569
Valuing Diversity 571
Managing Diversity 573
What Should Be Our Goal? Color-Blindness versus Multiculturalism 575
What You Can Do to Reduce Prejudice 579
Influencing Your Own Attitudes 579
Influencing Other People’s Attitudes 581
Envoi 582
Summary 582
Suggested Readings 586
Key Terms 588
Questions for Review and Discussion 588
GLOSSARY 590
REFERENCES 598
NAME INDEX 665
SUBJECT INDEX 683
Sách do Nhà xuất bản Wadsworth Publishing phát hành năm 2009 | ISBN : 0495811289 | 717 trang | PDF | 5MB
Cuốn sách này hữu ích cho ai nghiên cứu về tâm lý học, vấn đề phân biệt đối xử, định kiến xã hội
PREFACE xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi i i
Chapter 1 Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and
Discrimination 1
Race and Culture 2
Historical Views of Ethnic Groups 3
Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity 4
Group Privilege 6
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 8
Stereotypes 9
Prejudice 11
Discrimination 12
The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 19
Targets of Prejudice 19
Racism 20
Religion 22
Classism 23
Gender and Sexual Orientation 24
Age, Ability, and Appearance 25
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination 26
Scientific Racism 26
Psychodynamic Theory 27
Sociocultural Theory 28
Intergroup Relations Theory 29
Cognitive Theory 30
Evolutionary Theory 31
Where Do We Go from Here? 33
Summary 35
Suggested Readings 36
Key Terms 37
Questions for Review and Discussion 37
Chapter 2 How Psychologists Study Prejudice and
Discrimination 39
The Research Process 40
Theories and Hypotheses 41
Hypotheses and Predictions 43
Data Collection 44
Drawing Conclusions 44
Verifying Results 45
Theory and Application 46
Research Strategies 46
Correlational Studies 47
Experiments 50
Ethnographic Studies 55
Content Analysis 56
Using Multiple Research Strategies 57
Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 58
Reliability and Validity 58
Self-Report Measures 60
Unobtrusive Measures 63
Physiological Measures 64
Implicit Cognition Measures 66
Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures 68
Using Multiple Measures 69
Summary 71
Suggested Readings 73
Key Terms 75
Questions for Review and Discussion 75
Chapter 3 Social Categorization and Stereotypes 77
Social Categorization 78
Why We Categorize 79
Types of Categorization 81
Ingroups and Outgroups 83
Origins of Stereotypes 84
The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect 84
Social Role Theory 89
Illusory Correlations 90
Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs 91
Sources of Stereotypic Beliefs 92
Interpersonal Communication and Social Inference 96
Stereotype Accuracy 98
Defining Accuracy 99
The Risks of Assuming Accuracy 100
Shifting Standards 101
Functions of Stereotypes 103
Cognitive Function 103
Ego-Defensive Function 103
Social Adjustment Function 104
Stereotype Maintenance 105
Perception and Recall of Social Information 105
Linguistic Biases 108
Self-fulfilling Prophecies 110
Stereotype Change 113
Changing Stereotypic Beliefs 115
Summary 116
Suggested Readings 117
Key Terms 119
Questions for Review and Discussion 119
Chapter 4 Stereotype Activation and Application 121
Categorization 123
Prototypicality 124
Situational Influences 124
Prejudice 125
Stereotype Activation 127
Automatic Activation 128
Motivated Activation 134
The Activated Stereotype 137
Stereotype Application 138
Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping 140
Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping 146
Consequences of Stereotype Use 150
Biased Interpretation of Behavior 150
Biased Evaluation 153
Summary 156
Suggested Readings 157
Key Terms 158
Questions for Review and Discussion 158
Chapter 5 Emotions and Motivation 161
Emotions and Stereotyping 162
Emotions and Prejudice 165
Intergroup Emotions 166
Intergroup Anxiety 174
Empathy 176
Motivation to Control Prejudice 178
Types of Motivation 178
Social Norms 181
The Development of Motivation to Control Prejudice 182
Summary 184
Suggested Readings 186
Key Terms 188
Questions for Review and Discussion 188
Chapter 6 Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of
Prejudice 189
The Transformation of Prejudice 192
Prejudice Continues . 192
. But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced . 194
. So “They” Should Stop Complaining 195
Theories of Contemporary Prejudice 196
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 197
Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 199
Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 200
Historical Roots of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice 203
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior 203
Concluding Comments 204
Aversive Prejudice 205
Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice 205
Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice 207
Research on Aversive Prejudice 208
Aversive Prejudice and Behavior 208
Ambivalent Prejudice 214
Ambivalent Attitudes 215
Psychological Conflict 217
Response Amplification 218
Putting the Theories Together 220
Benevolent Prejudice 223
Summary 227
Suggested Readings 228
Key Terms 229
Questions for Review and Discussion 229
Chapter 7 Individual Differences and Prejudice 232
Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation 233
Authoritarianism 234
Social Dominance Orientation 238
Self-Esteem 242
Self-Enhancement 243
Self-Protection 244
Personal Values 246
Value Orientations 246
Perceived Value Differences 249
Social Ideologies 256
Religion 256
Political Orientation 263
Summary 268
Suggested Readings 271
Key Terms 274
Questions for Review and Discussion 274
Chapter 8 The Development of Prejudice in Children 277
Awareness of Social Categories 279
Implicit Awareness of Social Categories 280
Explicit Awareness of Social Categories 282
The Development of Prejudice 284
The Development of Racial Prejudice 285
The Development of Gender-Based Prejudice 293
Theories of Prejudice Development 298
Social Learning Theory 299
Inner State Theories 302
Cognitive Developmental Theories 305
Developmental Intergroup Theory 307
So Where Does Prejudice Come From? 311
Reducing Children’s Prejudice 311
School Desegregation 311
Cooperative Learning 315
Multicultural and Anti-Bias Education 316
Summary 318
Suggested Readings 320
Key Terms 321
Questions for Review and Discussion 321
Chapter 9 The Social Context of Prejudice 324
Realistic Conflict Theory 325
The Work of Muzafer Sherif 326
John Duckitt’s Extension of Realistic Conflict Theory 327
Social Identity Theory 330
Social Identity and Intergroup Bias 330
Factors that Influence Social Identity 332
Issues in Social Identity Theory 337
Looking Back at Social Identity Theory 340
Relative Deprivation Theory 341
Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment 342
Relative Deprivation and Prejudice 344
Relative Gratification 346
Scapegoating 346
Integrated Threat Theory 349
Hate Group Membership 351
Why People Join Hate Groups 352
Recruiting Hate Group Members 358
Group Socialization 359
Leaving the Group 361
Summary 363
Suggested Readings 365
Key Terms 366
Questions for Review and Discussion 367
Chapter 10 From Prejudice to Discrimination 369
What Is Discrimination? 370
Forms of Discrimination 371
Interpersonal Discrimination 375
The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination 375
Regressive Prejudice 378
Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner 383
Discrimination in Organizations 385
Organizational Research 385
Individuals in Organizations 393
Hate Crimes 402
Hate Crime Offenders 404
Motivations for Hate Crimes 405
Effects on Victims 410
Summary 412
Suggested Readings 414
Key Terms 416
Questions for Review and Discussion 416
Chapter 11 The Experience of Discrimination 418
Social Stigma 419
What Defines a Stigmatized Group? 420
Stigma by Association 423
Tokenism 424
Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination 428
Attributional Ambiguity 428
Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy 431
Consequences of Prejudice to the Target 436
Stereotype Threat 436
Vulnerability to Stress 442
Threats to Self-Esteem 446
Coping with Discrimination 449
Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification 450
Behavioral Compensation 451
Summary 453
Suggested Readings 454
Key Terms 457
Questions for Review and Discussion 457
Chapter 12 Gender and Sexual Orientation 459
Gender-Based Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 460
Gender Stereotypes 461
Attitudes Toward Women and Men 466
Subtypes of Women and Men 469
Women in the Workplace 473
The Male Gender Role 478
Heterosexism and Sexual Prejudice 479
Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay Men 480
Attitudes Toward Sexual Minorities 482
Coming Out 487
Heterosexism in the Workplace 489
Summary 491
Suggested Readings 493
Key Terms 494
Questions for Review and Discussion 495
Chapter 13 Age, Ability, and Appearance 497
Ageism 498
When Does Old Age Begin? 499
Beliefs about Older Adults 501
Age-Based Discrimination 509
Ability 514
Who is Disabled? 514
The Stigma of Disability 515
Physical Disabilities 517
Communication between PWDs and the Nondisabled 519
Mental Illness 521
Appearance 525
Physical Attractiveness 526
Height 527
Obesity 528
Summary 534
Suggested Readings 536
Key Terms 537
Questions for Review and Discussion 537
Chapter 14 Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination 540
Individual Level Processes 541
Stereotype Suppression 542
Self-Regulation 546
Intergroup Contact 551
Conditions for Success 552
Effectiveness of Intergroup Contact 556
Models of the Contact Process 560
Workplace Interventions 569
Affirmative Action 569
Valuing Diversity 571
Managing Diversity 573
What Should Be Our Goal? Color-Blindness versus Multiculturalism 575
What You Can Do to Reduce Prejudice 579
Influencing Your Own Attitudes 579
Influencing Other People’s Attitudes 581
Envoi 582
Summary 582
Suggested Readings 586
Key Terms 588
Questions for Review and Discussion 588
GLOSSARY 590
REFERENCES 598
NAME INDEX 665
SUBJECT INDEX 683
Sách do Nhà xuất bản Wadsworth Publishing phát hành năm 2009 | ISBN : 0495811289 | 717 trang | PDF | 5MB
Cuốn sách này hữu ích cho ai nghiên cứu về tâm lý học, vấn đề phân biệt đối xử, định kiến xã hội